Diaphragm disorders
Surgical conditions of the diaphragm, the main breathing muscle.
Draft awaiting medical review · General information; not a substitute for an individual consultation and assessment.
Content updated: 22 October 2026 · Last physician review: not yet completed.
The diaphragm’s role in breathing
The diaphragm separates the chest and abdominal cavities and is the main breathing muscle, moving down during inhalation. Dysfunction of the muscle or the phrenic nerve that activates it may affect breathing. An elevated diaphragm, diaphragm paralysis and a diaphragmatic hernia are different conditions.
What symptoms can occur?
Dysfunction on one side may cause no symptoms. Some people experience breathlessness during exertion or when lying down. Involvement of both sides can cause more significant breathing problems. Other heart or lung conditions are also considered as possible causes of symptoms.
Which tests are used for diagnosis?
A chest X-ray or CT shows the diaphragm’s position. Ultrasound or fluoroscopy may be used to assess movement. Lung function tests and, if necessary, nerve and muscle tests may be added. An elevated diaphragm on a single X-ray does not by itself establish paralysis.
Monitoring, support and surgery
Treatment depends on the cause, symptoms and changes over time. Monitoring may suffice in mild cases; some patients need breathing support. In selected symptomatic patients, an operation called plication can secure the diaphragm in a more appropriate position. This does not repair the nerve; it aims to reduce the mechanical effects.
Hernia and follow-up
A diaphragmatic hernia occurs when abdominal organs pass through an opening in the diaphragm into the chest. Its cause and effects on the organs are assessed separately. Pain, infection and breathing problems are monitored after surgery; follow-up is tailored to the procedure.
Frequently asked questions
Does an elevated diaphragm always require surgery?
No. Its cause, movement and effects on breathing need to be established.
Does plication restore normal muscle movement?
The main aim is to improve breathing mechanics by stabilizing the diaphragm, rather than restoring normal movement.
Further reading
Patient information sources · Sources checked: 22 October 2026. Checking sources does not mean the text has been medically approved by the physician.